{"id":2324,"date":"2020-12-13T12:10:47","date_gmt":"2020-12-13T04:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.miahavero.me\/?p=2324"},"modified":"2020-12-13T12:17:20","modified_gmt":"2020-12-13T04:17:20","slug":"trials-of-the-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.miahavero.me\/?p=2324","title":{"rendered":"Trials of the State"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u53c8\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u5e74\u770b42\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\u58ee\u5fd7\u3002\u5e74\u7ec8\u8fd8\u60f3\u51b2\u523a\u4e00\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u7ffb\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6807\u8bb0\uff08\u627e\u77ed\u7684\u4e66\u6765\u51d1\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u56e0\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/m00057m9\">2019\u5e74\u7684 Reith Lecture<\/a> \u800c\u6807\u8bb0\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/B07RPC4NG4\/\">\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66<\/a>\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u597d\u50cf lecture \u6ca1\u542c\u5b8c\uff0c\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u60f3\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u4eca\u5e74\u60f3\u8bfb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bb2\u5ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u548c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u592a ready \u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u5f88\u591a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5148\u4f8b\u7531\u6cd5\u5b98\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u51e0\u6b21\u8bb2\u5ea7\u91cc\u4f5c\u8005\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u8bb2\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6848\u4f8b\u91cc\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ecb\u5165\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u8bb2\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684 legitimacy \u6765\u81ea\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u662f political process\u3002\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u96c5\u5178\u90a3\u6837\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\uff09\u662f\u7a00\u91ca majority rule \u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u624b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bb2\u5b83\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6bdb\u75c5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6267\u884c\u5b83\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2aStrasbourg Court\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a case \u91cc\u628a\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u9650\u5b9a\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u660e\u786e\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u7ea6\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002\u73b0\u5728Strasbourg Court \u6bcf\u5e74\u6709\u6570\u4ee5\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684 case \u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u5408\u7ea6\u56fd\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e9b case \u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b case \u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u89c4\u5b9a\u5f88\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u591acase\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u524d\u8fa9\u8bba\u90a3\u4e9b\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u6784\u6210 exception\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b case \u7684\u5224\u51b3\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6765\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u8d8a\u79ef\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u6e10\u6e10\u7684\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u770b\u6765 legitimacy \u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d28\u7591\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684 context \u4e0b\u6765\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u4e00\u8fb9\u53cd\u9a73\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u90e8\u660e\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u5f88\u826f\u5fc3\u5730\u63d0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bfb\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6211\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u534f\u8c03\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u516c\u6295 Brexit \u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u4ed6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u653f\u5ba2\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u7531\u628a\u6211\u8bf4\u670d\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u652f\u6301 leave \u548c\u652f\u6301 stay \u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6709\u91cd\u5408\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5ba2\u8db3\u591f\u670d\u52a1\u4ed6\u7684\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u52a0\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6bd4\u516c\u6295\u7ed3\u679c\u7684 52 \u6bd4 48 \u597d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u773c\u770b no deal hard Brexit \u5c31\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u611f\u89c9 52% leave \u7684\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u66f4\u52a0\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8bf4\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7236\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u8981\u9650\u5236 majority rule \u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8bf4\u670d\uff08\u867d\u7136\u6211\u5f88\u540c\u610f\u4f5c\u8005\u8bf4\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u201c\u9700\u8981\u9650\u5236 majority rule\u201d \u8fd9\u548c \u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u591f\u3001\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u611a\u6627\u81ea\u79c1\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u4e0d\u914d\u5f97\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d \u8bf4\u6cd5\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u8bf4\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u8d5e\u540c\u7684\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u9020\u6210\u73b0\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4eba\u9009\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u5e38\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u5728 <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.miahavero.me\/?p=2301\">Law: VSI<\/a> \u91cc\u8bfb\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u53e5\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217 progressive \u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u5883\u9047\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u5584\u5f97\u66f4\u6162\uff1f\u6211\u662f\u6709\u70b9\u8b66\u60d5\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5f88\u540c\u610f\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684 legitimacy \u6765\u81ea\u653f\u6cbb\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7acb\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6765\u7acb\u6cd5\u624d\u8db3\u4ee5 legit\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u505a\u6d3e\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u4e2a\u601d\u7ef4\u5b9a\u52bf\u5c31\u662f\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u9700\u8981\u6cd5\u9662\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u5417\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d70\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u53bb campaign\uff0c\u53bb\u627e\u4f60\u7684 MP\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u4f5c\u8005\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\uff09\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u6cd5\u9662\u90fd\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0cchecks and balance \u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6211\u60f3\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d70\u6cd5\u9662\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6377\u5f84\uff0ctrade off \u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u9769\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u8fc7\u53bb\u540e\uff0cBLM \u8fd0\u52a8\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8bfb\u7740\u6211\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u552f\u4e00 cure\uff1f\u7136\u540e\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u5fc3\u91cc\u627e\u53cd\u9a73\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5b98\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837 discredit \u4ed6\u4eec\u5417\uff1f\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4 RBG \u80af\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5973\u6743\u505a\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u78e8\u706d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f5c\u8005\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u5979\u5982\u679c\u53bb\u505a\u4e86\u653f\u5ba2\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u5230\u66f4\u591a\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u4f5c\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8bae\u4f1a\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u3002\u524d\u8ff0\u8bf4\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u5ead\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u662f\u9020\u6210\u5f88\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff1b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u660e\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u89e3\u8bfb\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u80fd\u7ecf\u5386\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u8870\u843d\u3001\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d41\u7a0b\u9020\u6210\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88 adaptive\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u4ee5 override \u6c11\u4e3b\u6d41\u7a0b\uff08\u8bae\u4f1a\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5904\u7406\u52a0\u6cf0\u7f57\u5c3c\u4e9a\u72ec\u7acb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5904\u7406\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa adaptive \u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u60ca\u5f02\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6c38\u8fdc\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d70\u6539\u826f\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6539\u826f\u8def\u7ebf\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6162\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5374\u611f\u89c9\u4e00\u76f4\u8d70\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6240\u6709\u8bfb\u5f97\u5165\u8ff7\u7684\u4e66\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u534a\u672c\u6765\u5df2\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u611f\u609f\u3002\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u8bfb <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.miahavero.me\/?p=2314\">Challenge to China<\/a> 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