{"id":2589,"date":"2023-05-31T22:38:04","date_gmt":"2023-05-31T14:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.miahavero.me\/?p=2589"},"modified":"2023-06-01T08:59:13","modified_gmt":"2023-06-01T00:59:13","slug":"the-origins-of-totalitarianism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.miahavero.me\/?p=2589","title":{"rendered":"The Origins of Totalitarianism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u770b\u4e86\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u5b8c\u5f88\u4e45\u4e86\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5bf9\u6211\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u5fc5\u7136\u5f88\u4e0d\u5168\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u51b3\u5fc3\u8981\u591a\u5199\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u4e94\u6708\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5199\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5ffd\u7136\u51b3\u5b9a\u52a8\u7b14\u3002\u5c31\u5199\u4e00\u5199\u6211\u5370\u8c61\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u4e09\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Human rights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u4ece\uff08\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\uff09\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u6765\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u7684\u601d\u8def\u662f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u6765\u81ea\u5979\u662f\u4eba\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed9\u5979\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u4e86 stateless\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6743\u4e86\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u53f7\u79f0\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u63a5\u7eb3\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f53\u9a8c\u5f88\u6df1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u6700\u521d\u60f3\u770b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u536b\u62a5\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb22015\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Bourgeois philosophy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u8ba9\u6211\u6709\u70b9\u610f\u5916\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u6211\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u5173\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\u3002\u8ffd\u9010\u5229\u76ca\u6210\u4e86\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38 totalitarian \u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f private person\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6d3b\u7740\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u3002\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0d\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u90a3\u5957\u4e1c\u897f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 divine laws \u6216\u8005 law of social contract \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4ece\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u7684\u5206\u6790\u91cc\u6211\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u62bd\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff08\u7f57\u7d20\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u524d\u63d0\u4e86\u800c\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e5f\u6b63\u597d\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u628a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u63a8\u6f14\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f15\u6765\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u4e66\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bf4\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u2014\u2014\u628a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u672c\u571f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

Totalitarianism is not utilitarian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6ca1\u770b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u4f5c\u8005\uff08\u8bf4\u660e\u6211\u5f88\u65e0\u77e5\uff09\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u8def\u53bb\u770b\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u800c\u89c9\u5f97\u5f88\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u611f\u89c9\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u770b\u4e66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u597d\u51e0\u6b21\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u201c\u82cf\u8054\u7b11\u8bdd\u201d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u5982\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u82cf\u8054\u7b11\u8bdd\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u53e4\u62c9\u683c\u4e92\u76f8\u95ee\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f6a\u540d\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u3002\u7532\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u53cd\u5bf9X\uff1b\u4e59\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u652f\u6301X\uff1b\u4e19\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u5224\u51b3\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9X\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u7b26\u5408\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u4f60\u662f\u7f6a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4f60\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u574f\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6765\u8bf4\u4f60\u662f\u7f6a\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6765\u8bf4\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f4e\u7b49\u201c\uff0c\u201d\u5ba2\u89c2\u6765\u8bf4\u4f60\u662f\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u5206\u5b50\u201c\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u539f\u5219\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u3002\u5982\u679c\u515a\u4f9d\u6cd5\u529e\u4e8b\uff0c\u90a3\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad8\u4e8e\u515a\uff1f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9ad8\u4e8e\u515a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\n

Supreme disregard for immediate consequences rather than ruthlessness; rootlessness and neglect of national interests rather than nationalism; contempt for utilitarian motives rather than unconsidered pursuit of self-interest; \u201cidealism,\u201d i.e., their unwavering faith in an ideological fictitious world, rather than lust for power\u2014these have all introduced into international politics a new and more disturbing factor than mere aggressiveness would have been able to do.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4ea7\u751f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9886\u5bfc\u8bf4\u8bdd180\u5ea6\u5927\u8f6c\u5f2f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u8d28\u7591\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\n

in an ever-changing, incomprehensible world the masses had reached the point where they would, at the same time, believe everything and nothing, think that everything was possible and that nothing was true.<\/p>

Mass propaganda discovered that its audience was ready at all times to believe the worst, no matter how absurd, and did not particularly object to being deceived because it held every statement to be a lie anyhow.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63cf\u8ff0\u8ddf\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u5fc3\u5bd2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u4e66\u540e\u9762\u8fd8\u8bf4\u4e86 total domination\u3002\u91cc\u9762\u8bf4\u7684 make martyrdom impossible \u8fd9\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\u975e\u5e38 inadequate \u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u770b\u4e86\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u5b8c\u5f88\u4e45\u4e86\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5bf9\u6211\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u5fc5\u7136\u5f88\u4e0d\u5168\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u51b3\u5fc3\u8981\u591a\u5199\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u4e94\u6708\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5199\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5ffd\u7136\u51b3\u5b9a\u52a8\u7b14\u3002\u5c31\u5199\u4e00\u5199\u6211\u5370\u8c61\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u4e09\u70b9\u3002 Human rights \u963f\u4f26\u7279\u4ece\uff08\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\uff09\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u6765\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u7684\u601d\u8def\u662f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u6765\u81ea\u5979\u662f\u4eba\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed9\u5979\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u4e86 stateless\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6743\u4e86\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u53f7\u79f0\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u63a5\u7eb3\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f53\u9a8c\u5f88\u6df1\u3002 \u6211\u6700\u521d\u60f3\u770b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u536b\u62a5\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb22015\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002 Bourgeois philosophy \u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u8ba9\u6211\u6709\u70b9\u610f\u5916\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u6211\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u5173\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\u3002\u8ffd\u9010\u5229\u76ca\u6210\u4e86\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38 totalitarian \u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f private person\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6d3b\u7740\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u3002\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0d\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u90a3\u5957\u4e1c\u897f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 divine laws \u6216\u8005 law of social contract \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4ece\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u7684\u5206\u6790\u91cc\u6211\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u62bd\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff08\u7f57\u7d20\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u524d\u63d0\u4e86\u800c\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e5f\u6b63\u597d\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u628a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u63a8\u6f14\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f15\u6765\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u4e66\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bf4\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u2014\u2014\u628a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u672c\u571f\u3002 Totalitarianism is not utilitarian \u6ca1\u770b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e4b\u524d\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u4f5c\u8005\uff08\u8bf4\u660e\u6211\u5f88\u65e0\u77e5\uff09\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u8def\u53bb\u770b\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u800c\u89c9\u5f97\u5f88\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u611f\u89c9\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u770b\u4e66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u597d\u51e0\u6b21\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u201c\u82cf\u8054\u7b11\u8bdd\u201d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u82cf\u8054\u7b11\u8bdd\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u53e4\u62c9\u683c\u4e92\u76f8\u95ee\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f6a\u540d\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u3002\u7532\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u53cd\u5bf9X\uff1b\u4e59\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u652f\u6301X\uff1b\u4e19\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u5224\u51b3\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9X\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u7b26\u5408\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u4f60\u662f\u7f6a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4f60\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u574f\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6765\u8bf4\u4f60\u662f\u7f6a\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6765\u8bf4\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f4e\u7b49\u201c\uff0c\u201d\u5ba2\u89c2\u6765\u8bf4\u4f60\u662f\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u5206\u5b50\u201c\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u539f\u5219\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u3002\u5982\u679c\u515a\u4f9d\u6cd5\u529e\u4e8b\uff0c\u90a3\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad8\u4e8e\u515a\uff1f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9ad8\u4e8e\u515a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002 Supreme disregard for immediate consequences rather than ruthlessness; rootlessness and neglect of national interests rather than nationalism; contempt for utilitarian motives rather than unconsidered pursuit of 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